Professor Emeritus
Institute of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry
Huxley College of the Environment
1928 – 2020
Ming-Ho Yu Environmental Toxicology Scholarship Award
Education
Ph.D. Plant Nutrition and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 1967, M.S. Plant Nutrition and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 1964 B.S. Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1953.
Major Research Interest
Environmental pollution and health; biological effects of environmental fluoride and metals; biochemical toxicology; plant toxicology.
Professional Experiences
Professor emeritus, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA (1998-2020). Professor, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, (1980-1997). Visiting Assistant Professor, Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA (1969-1980). Honorary Research Fellow, Jiangxi Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Nanchang, China, (1994). Visiting Scholar, Institute of Whole Body Metabolism, Chiba, Japan (June-Sept. 1993). Visiting Professor, Iwate Medical University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Public Health and Hygiene, Morioka, Japan, (Sept. 1983-Nov. 1983 and Sept. 1989-June 1990). Visiting Professor, Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, (Feb. 1982-June 1982). Research Associate, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah (June-Aug. 1973). Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, (Sept. 1968-Aug. 1969). Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Plant Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Aug. 1967-Aug. 1968). Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Botany, Utah State University, Logan, Utah (Feb. 1967-July 1967). Graduate Research Assistant, Departments of Botany and Plant Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah (1962-67). Assistant Researcher, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (1959-62). Research Assistant, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan (1954-55).
Professional Membership
American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, American Society for Nutritional Sciences, International Society for Fluoride Research, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, and Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Community Service
University Level
Huxley College Dean’s Advisory Committee, 1969-70, Graduate Council, 1986-88, Research Advisory Committee, 1990-94, Professional Leave Committee, member 1990-91; chair 1991-92, Secretary-Treasurer, Sigma Xi Western Washington University Club, Sept. l984-l987, President, Sigma Xi Western Washington University Club, 1988-89.
International Level
Invited by the Ministry of Public Health, Kuwait, to assess the fluoride problems in drinking water in Kuwait City, August 1978. Invited by the Government of the Republic of China to participate in the National Conference on Development, Public Health Section, July 14-30, 1980. Organizing Committee member, 14th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Morioka, Japan, March 20-28, 1985. Organizing Committee member, l5th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Logan, Utah, July 30-Aug. 2, l986. Invited to participate in a China-Japan cooperative research project for conducting an epidemiological and clinical study on endemic fluorosis in Guiyang, China, Sept. 20-Oct. 2, l987. Served as the External Examiner for examining the thesis of M. V. Narayanof, a Ph.D. candidate at Gujarat University, India, 1992. Served as the External Examiner for examining the thesis of Monorama Patri, a Ph.D. candidate at Sambalpur University, India, 1997. Editorial Board Member, Fluoride, International Society for Fluoride Research, l986-Present. Co-Editor, Environmental Sciences – An International Journal on Environmental Physiology and Toxicology, 1990-1999. President, International Society for Fluoride Research, 1994-1996. Associate Editor, Fluoride (International Society for Fluoride Research), 1998-Present. Chairman of the Organizing Committee, 22nd Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Bellingham, WA, August 24-27, 1998. International Advisory Committee Member, PAN-Asia Pacific Conference on Fluoride and Arsenic Research, Shenyang, China, August 16-20, 1999. International Advisory Committee Member, 23rd Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Zsezcin, Poland, June 11-14, 2000.
Journal Review
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Environmental Health Perspectives, Fluoride, Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Publications
Books
1. Tsunoda, H. and M.H. Yu (Eds.): Fluoride Research 1985 – Studies in Environmental Science, Vol. 27, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, 453 pages.
2. Landis, W.G. and M.H. Yu. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, 328 pages.
3. Landis, W.G. and M.H. Yu. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, 2nd Ed., CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998, 390 pages.
4. Yu, M.H. Environmental Toxicology, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, 240 pages.
5. Landis, W.G. and M.H. Yu. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, 3rd Ed., CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2004, 484 pages.
6. Landis, W.G., Sofield, R.M., and M.H. Yu. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, 4th Ed., CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2011, 514 pages.
7. Landis, W.G. , Sofield, R.M., and M.H. Yu. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, 5th Ed., CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2018, 470 pages.
Professional Journals
1. Yu, M.H. and C.P. Tseng. 1960. Amino acid composition of cells of Bacillus subtilis. Bull. Inst. Chem. Acad. Sinica 2:40-45.
2. Yu, M.H. 1960. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the growth of Spondylocladium australe. Ibid. 3:35-43.
3. Chen, C.T. and M.H. Yu. 1962. Nitration of alkylbenzenes with methyl nitrate and sulfuric acid. Ibid. 6:65-70.
4. Dalal, K.B., L.E.Olson, M.H. Yu and D.K. Salunkhe. 1967. Gas chromatography of the field-, glass greenhouse-grown and artificially ripened tomatoes. Phytochem. 6:155-157.
5. Yu, M.H. and G.W. Miller. 1967. Effect of fluoride on the respiration of leaves from higher plants. Plant & Cell. Physiol. 8:484-493.
6. Yu, M.H., L.E. Olson and D.K. Salunkhe. 1968. Precursors of volatile components in tomato fruit – I. Compositional changes during development. Phytochem. 6:1457-1466.
7. Yu, M.H., L.E. Olson and D.K. Salunkhe. 1968. Precursors of volatile components in tomato fruit – II. Enzymatic production of carbonyl compounds. Phytochem. 7:555-560.
8. Yu, M.H., L.E.Olson and D.K.Salunkhe. 1968. Precursors of volatile components in tomato fruit – III. Enzymatic reaction products. Phytochem. 7:561-565.
9. Dalal, K.B., D.K. Salunkhe, L.E. Olson, Y.S. Do and M.H. Yu. 1968. Volatile components of developing tomato fruit grown under field and greenhouse conditions. Plant & Cell. Physiol. 9:389-400.
10. Yu, M.H., L.E. Olson and D.K. Salunkhe. 1968. Production of 3-methylbutanal from L-leucine by tomato fruit. Plant & Cell. Physiol. 9:633-638.
11. Cheng, J.Y., M.H. Yu, G.W. Miller and G.W. Welkie. 1968. Fluoroorganic acids in soybean leaves exposed to fluoride. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2:367-370.
12. Yu, M.H. and M. Spencer. 1969. Conversion of L-leucine to certain keto acids by a tomato enzyme preparation. Phytochem. 8:1173-1178.
13. Yu, M.H. and M. Spencer. 1970. Alanine aminotransferase from tomato fruit. Phytochem. 9:341-343.
14. Yu, M.H. and G.W. Miller. 1970. Gas chromatographic identification of fluoroorganic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4:492-495.
15. Yu, M.H., G.W. Miller and C.J. Lovelace. 1971. Gas chromatographic analysis of fluoroorganic acids in plants and animal tissues. Proc. 2nd Int. Clean Air Congr., Academic Press, pp. 156- 158.
16. Miller,G.W., M.H. Yu and M. Psenak. 1973. Presence of fluoroorganic compounds in higher plants. Fluoride 6:203-215.
17. Yu, M.H., M.T. Wu, D.J. Wang and D.K. Salunkhe. 1974. Nonenzymatic browning: Effects of ascorbic acid, amino acids, organic acids, and inorganic salts. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 7:279-282.
18. Salunkhe, D.K., S.J. Jadhav and M.H. Yu. 1974. Quality and nutritional composition of tomato fruit as influenced by certain biochemical and physiological changes. Qual. Plant Pl. Eds. Hum. Nutr. 24:85-113.
19. Newman, J.R. and M.H. Yu. 1976. Fluorosis in Black-tailed deer. J. Wildlife Dis. 12:39-41.
20. Psenak, M., G.W. Miller, M.H. Yu and J. Hsieh. 1977. Separation of malic dehydrogenase isoenzymes from soybean tissue in relation to fluoride treatment. Fluoride 10:63-72.
21. Yu, M.H. and C.J. Driver. 1978. The effect of NaF on the growth and L-ascorbic acid levels in tissues from the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). Fluoride 11:60-67.
22. Yu, M.H. and M. Stoehr. 1978. Serum compositional changes in the chick caused by supplementary fluoride in the diet. (Abstract of the AAAS Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., Feb. 12-17, 1978).
23. Yu, M.H., M. Stoehr and C.J. Driver. 1980. Electrophoresis of serum proteins in growing chicks fed a diet supplemented with NaF. Fluoride 13:20-24.
24. Yu, M.H. and C.J. Driver. 1982. Effect of NaF on tissue vitamin C of growing cockerels (Gallus domesticus). Fluoride 15:97-104.
25. Miller, G.W., A. Denney, J. Pushnik and M.H. Yu. 1982. The formation of delta-aminolevulinate, a precursor of chlorophyll, in a barley and the role of iron. J. Plant Nutr. 5:289-300.
26. Yu, M.H. and G.W. Miller. 1982. Formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid in etiolated and iron-stressed barley. J. Plant Nutr. 5:1259-1271.
27. Bennett, L.W., G.W. Miller, M.H. Yu and R.I. Lynn. 1983. Production of fluoroacetate by callus tissue from leaves of Acacia georginae. Fluoride 16:111-117.
28. Miller, G.W., M.H. Yu and J. Pushnik. 1983. Basic metabolic and physiologic effects of fluorides on vegetation. In: R. Shupe et al. (Eds.): Fluorides – Effects on Vegetation, Animals, and Humans. Paragon Press, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah. pp.83-104.
29. Yu, M.H. and S.H.L. Hwang. 1986. Influence of protein and ascorbic acid on fluoride-induced changes in blood composition and skeletal fluoride deposition in mice. In: H.Tsunoda and M.H.Yu (Eds.), Fluoride Research 1985. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp.203-210.
30. Yu, M.H., R. Young and L. Sepanski. 1987. Inhibition of lipid metabolism in germinating mung bean seeds by fluoride. Fluoride 20:113-117.
31. Takagi, S., S. Kamei and M.H. Yu. l988. Efficiency of iron extraction from soil by mugineic acid family phytosiderophores. J. Plant Nutr. 11:641-651.
32. Yu, M.H., M. Shumway and A. Brockbank. l988. Effects of NaF on amylase in mung bean seedlings. J. Fluorine Chem. 41:95-100.
33. Yu, M.H. and H. Tsunoda. 1988. Fluoride problems in China. Fluoride 21:163-166.
34. Yu, M.H. 1989. Essential and toxic elements in human health and disease: Current topics in nutrition and disease. Vol. 18. Ananda S. Prasad (Ed.). Book Review. Amer. J. Diet. Assn. 89:586.
35. Yu, M.H. 1990. Vitamin C. by Alan B. Clemetson, CRC Press, 1989, Vol.I, II, III, pp.814. (Book Review). Amer. J. Diet. Assn. 90:756.
36. Yu, M.H. 1990. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Iwate J. Public Health 1:2-8. (in Japanese)
37. Nozu, Y., M.H. Yu and H. Tsunoda. 1991. Utility of the hot-wire spirometer. Ann. Physiol. Anthrop. 10:77-82.
38. Tsunoda, H., K. Itai, S. Sakurai, F.-P. Chen, F. Liang, M.H. Yu, H. Kudo, S. Nakaya, M. Tatsumi, H.-X. Ma, C.-J. Mu and Y.-M. Li. 1991. Health survey of workers of an aluminum plant in China. I. Airborne fluoride levels in work environment and body fluoride burden of workers. Fluoride 24:62-65.
39. Yu, M.H., H.-X. Ma, S. Sakurai, H.Tsunoda, K. Itai, M. Tatsumi, S. Nakaya, F. Liang, F.-P. Chen, C.-J. Mu and Y.-M. Li. 1991. Health survey of workers of aluminum plant in China. II. Study on blood chemistry. Fluoride 24:66-70.
40. Tatsumi, M., C.J. Mu, F. Liang, H. Tsunoda, S. Nakaya, S. Sakurai, K. Itai, M.H. Yu, F.P. Cheng, H.X. Ma and Y.-M. Li. 1991. Health survey of workers of an aluminum plant in China. III. Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory functions. Fluoride 24:90-94.
41. Li, Y.-M., S. Nakaya, H. Kudo, H. Tsunoda, M. Tatsumi, S. Sakurai, K. Itai, H.-X. Ma, F.-P. Chen and M.H. Yu. 1991. Health survey of workers of an aluminum plant in China. IV. X-ray examinations of the skeletal system. Fluoride 24:95-99.
42. Sakurai,S. and M.H. Yu. 1993. Further identification of a DFP-hydrolyzing enzyme in plant tissues. Fluoride 26:217.
43. Yu, M.H. and S. Sakurai. 1995. Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-hydrolyzing enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings. Environ. Sci. 3:103-111.
44. Hara, K. and M.H. Yu. 1995. Effect of fluoride on human salivary amylase activity. Fluoride 28:71-74.
45. Yu, M.H. 1996. Effects of fluoride on growth and soluble sugars in germinating mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. Fluoride 29:3-6.
46. Chen, Y.X., M.Q. Lin, Z.L. He, Y.D. Xiao, D. Min, Y.Q. Lin, Z.L. He, Y.D. Xiao, D. Min, Y.Q. Liu and M.H. Yu. 1996. Relationship between total fluoride intake and dental fluorosis in areas polluted by airborne fluoride. Fluoride 29:7-12.
47. Narita, A., Y. Nakamura, A. Shigematsu and M.H. Yu. 1996. Fluoride inhibition of [2-14C] thymidine incorporation into DNA in mung bean seedlings. Fluoride 29:72-76.
48. Rubin, P.G. and M.-H.Yu. 1996. Mercury vapor in amalgam waste discharged from dental office vacuum units. Arch. Environ. Health 51:335-337.
49. Itai, K., M. Nohara, H. Tsunoda and M.-H. Yu. 1997. Determination of fluoride in human hair by pyrohydrolysis and flow-injection analysis. Environ. Sci. 5:49-56.
50. Yu, M.-H. 1997. Effects of sodium fluoride on soluble sugars and invertase in germinating mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. Environ. Sci. 5:121-125.
51. Sun, G.F., M.-H. Yu, G.Y. Ding and H.Y. Shen. 1997. Lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant levels in aluminum plant workers. Environ. Sci. 5:139-144.
52. Yu, M.-H. 1998. Acid invertase from mung bean seedlings exposed to NaF – Partial purification and characterization. Environ. Sci. 6:1-10.
53. Wilde, L.G. and M.-H. Yu. 1998. Effect of fluoride on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in germinating mung bean seedlings. Fluoride 31: 81-88.
54. Ouchi, K., M.-H. Yu and A. Shigematsu. 1999. Responses of mung bean invertase to fluoride. Fluoride, 32:171-178.
55. Yu, M.-H. 2000. Nutrition: Chemistry and Biology, 2nd Ed. By J. E. Spallholz, L.M. Boylan, and J.A. Driskell, CRC Press, 1999. Pp 345. (Book Review). J. Amer. Diet. Assn. 100:854-855.
Presentations
1. Gas chromatographic analysis of the tissue extracts from HF-treated soybean plants at the annual meeting of the Pacific Northwest International Section, Air Pollution Control Association, in Spokane, WA, 1971.
2. Gas chromatographic analysis of fluoroorganic acids in plant and animal tissues, presented at the 2nd International Clean Air Congress in Washington, D.C., in 1971.
3. Vitamin C production in mung-bean sprouts, at the School of Home Economics, University of Washington, 1976.
4. The effect of NaF on the L-ascorbic acid levels of tissues from the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), at the 8th annual conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research in Oxford, England, May 1977.
5. Serum compositional changes in chickens caused by supplementary NaF in the diet, at the annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Feb. 1978.
6. Electrophoresis of serum proteins in growing chicks fed a diet supplemented with NaF at the 9th annual conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Fribourg, Switzerland, July 1978.
7. A further study on the effects of NaF on tissue vitamin C levels in growing cockerels (Gallus domesticus), at the 11th annual conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Dresden, Germany, April 8-10, 1981.
8. Production of fluoroacetate by callus tissue from levels of Acacia georginae, at the 12th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, St. Petersburg, Florida, May 16-18, 1982.
9. Basic metabolic and physiologic effects of fluoride on vegetation, presented at the International Fluoride Symposium held at Utah State University, May 24-27, 1982.
10. Environmental fluoride and its effects on living systems at Iwate Medical University, School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan, Oct. 18, 1983.
11. Influence of fluoride on living systems at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan, Oct. 20, 1983.
12. Toxicity of NaF to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryogenesis at the 13th Conference of the International Society of Fluoride Research held in New Delhi, India, Nov. 14-17, 1983.
13. Influence of protein and ascorbic acid on fluoride-induced changes in blood composition and skeletal fluoride deposition in mice at the 14th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Morioka, Japan, June 12-15, 1985.
14. Inhibition of lipid metabolism in germinating mung bean seeds by fluoride, at the l5th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Logan, Utah, July 30-Aug. 2, l986.
15. Invited by China’s Institute of Labor Protection to give a seminar titled Environmental Fluoride at a symposium on Endemic Fluorosis in Shandong, China, September 22-23, l986.
16. Efficiency of iron extraction from soil by mugineic acid family phytosiderophores at the 4th International Symposium on Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants in Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 6-9, l987.
17. The effect of NaF on amylase in mung bean seedlings at the l6th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research in Nyon, Switzerland, August 3l-September 2, l987.
18. Effects of fluoride on living systems at Josai Dental College, Japan, September l8, l987.
19. Effects of NaF on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in germinating mung bean seeds at the Biology Department, Western Washington University, Feb. 6, 1989.
20. Effect of NaF on soluble sugars in mung bean seedlings at the 17th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Budapest, Hungary, June 22-25, 1989.
21. A health survey of employees at an aluminum plant in China. II. A biochemical study at the 17th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Budapest, Hungary, June 22-25, 1989.
22. Biological effects of environmental fluoride at Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan, May 18, 1990.
23. Nutrition and Cancer, at Osaka Medical College, Japan, May 11, 1990.
24. Nutrition and Cancer (in Japanese) at Morioka Junior College, Morioka, Japan, May 14, 1990.
25. Nutrition and Cancer (in Japanese) at Akita University, Akita City, Japan, May 15, 1990.
26. Nutrition and Cancer at Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan, May 22, 1990.26. Nutrition and Cancer (in Japanese) at Iwate University, Morioka, Japan, May 25, 1990.
27. Fluoride inhibition of invertase in mung bean seedlings at the 18th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held at Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, Aug. 1-4, 1990.
28. Effects of fluoride on salivary amylase activity (co-author), at the 18th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held at Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, Aug. 1-4, 1990.
29. Effects of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium on growth and soluble sugars in germinating mung bean seeds at the 12th annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry held in Seattle, Nov. 3-7, 1991.
30. Fluoride effects on plants, with an emphasis on seed germination – A special lecture, given at the 19th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, held in Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 8-11, 1992.
31. Organofluorophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes in germinating seeds at the 19th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, held in Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 8-11, 1992.
32. Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Iwate Public Health and Hygiene, Morioka, Japan, Dec. 5, 1992.
33. Effect of fluoride on the growth, soluble sugars, and invertase in germinating mung bean seeds at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 8-12, 1992.
34. DFP-Hydrolyzing enzymes in germinating seeds at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Houston, Texas, Nov. 14-18, 1993.
35. Characterization of invertase from mung bean seedlings at the 20th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Beijing, China, Sept. 5-9, 1994.
36. Separation of invertase in mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings by two-dimensional HPLC at the 20th Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research held in Beijing, China, Sept. 5-9, 1994. (Co-authors: K. Ouchi, K. and Shigematsu, A.)
37. Effects of fluoride on living systems at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Sept. 16, 1994.
38. Effect of fluoride on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in germinating seeds at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry held in Denver, Colorado, Oct. 30-Nov. 3, 1994.
39. Effect of fluoride on living systems at Jiangxi Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Medicine in Nanchang, China, March 27, 1995.
40. Environmental fluoride at the Dept. of Preventive Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China, July 5, 1995.
41. Environmental fluoride and living systems at the Institute of Environmental Health and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China, July 12, 1995.
42. Does fluoride affect the ascorbate glutathione cycle in germinating seeds at the 5th Pacific Northwest Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry meeting in Corvallis, Oregon, May 17-18, 1996, (Co-author: A. B. Babbit).
43. Effect of fluoride on antioxidant system in germinating seeds at the 21st Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, Budapest, Hungary, August 25-29, 1996.
44. Recent developments in environmental toxicology; Impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems at Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan, April 23, 1999.
45. Inhibition of growth and a-amylase activity in germinating mung bean seeds by arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc at the Pan-Asia-Pacific Conference on Fluoride and Arsenic Research, held in Shenyang, China, August 16-20, 1999 (Co-authors: C, Keeney, M. Logan, C. Bellona, and L. Dier-Ackley).
46. Effect of fluoride on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and GSH levels in the earthworm Eisenia fetida at the 23rd Conference of the International Society for Fluoride Research, held in Szczecin, Poland, June 11-14, 2000 (Co-author: P. Lawson).