Trauma Research Tools
Trauma-related research instruments and self-report questionnaires developed by the lab are available for use in the public domain. We welcome you to use these published tools in your own research that abides by human subjects research ethics and regulations. Please cite any of our measures that you use in scientific publications and academic papers. We also encourage you to send us a report of your findings.
Betrayed Self Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Edited Work
Ford, J. D., & Delker, B. C. (2019). Polyvictimization: Adverse Impacts in Childhood and Across the Lifespan. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Available in hardcover from Routledge.
Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles and Invited Chapters
Brianna C. Delker ORCID iD*denotes student under Dr. Delker’s research supervision
Delker, B. C., Michel*, P. K., Turner*, K., & McLean, K. C. (2022). Perceptions of physical, sexual, and psychological violence stories: A registered report study. Collabra: Psychology, 8(1): 36330. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.36330
Delker, B. C. (2021). Interpersonal violence in context: A call to consider cultural stigma in theory and research on the psychology of trauma. In K. C. McLean (Ed.), Cultural Methods in Psychology: Describing and Transforming Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.
Adams-Clark, A., Gómez, J. M., Gobin, R., Noll, L. K., & Delker, B. C. (2021). Impact of interpersonal, family, cultural, and institutional betrayal on adult survivors of abuse. In R. Geffner, J. W. White, L. K. Hamberger, A. Rosenbaum, V. Vaughan-Eden, & V. I. Vieth (Eds.), Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan: A project of the National Partnership to End Interpersonal Violence Across the Lifespan (NPEIV). New York: Springer Nature.
Newsum, J., & Delker, B. C. (2020). Addressing anti-Black racism in schools: A racial trauma-informed framework for school librarians. Young Adult Library Services.
McLean, K. C., Delker, B. C., Dunlop, W. L., Salton*, R., & Syed, M. (2020). Redemptive stories and those who tell them are preferred in the U.S. Collabra: Psychology, 6, 1-20. http://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.369
Delker, B. C., Salton*, R., McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2020). Who has to tell their trauma story and how hard will it be? Influence of cultural stigma and narrative redemption on the storying of sexual violence. PLoS ONE, 15, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234201
Delker, B. C., Salton,* R., & McLean, K. C. (2020). Giving voice to silence: Empowerment and disempowerment in the developmental shift from trauma ‘victim’ to ‘survivor-advocate.’ Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21, 242-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1678212
Delker, B. C., Van Scoyoc, A., & Noll, L. K. (2019). Contextual influences on the perception of pregnant women who use drugs: Information about women’s childhood trauma history reduces punitive attitudes. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21, 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675221
Delker, B. C. (2019) When self-care is not enough: Reflections on how to make trauma-intensive clinical work more sustainable. Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence, 4. doi:10.23860/dignity.2019.04.01.06
Free download available at URI Digital Commons.
Delker, B. C., Smith, C. P., Rosenthal, M. N., Bernstein, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2018). When home is where the harm is: Family betrayal and posttraumatic outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 27, 720-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1382639
Free pre-print available at PsyArXiv.
Ford, J. D., & Delker, B. C. (2018). Polyvictimization in childhood and its adverse impacts across the lifespan: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19, 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2018.1440479
Delker, B. C., Bernstein, R. E., & Laurent, H. K. (2018). Out of harm’s way: Secure vs. insecure-disorganized attachment predicts less adolescent risk taking related to childhood poverty. Development & Psychopathology, 30, 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000621
Delker, B. C., & Freyd, J. J. (2017). Betrayed? That’s me: Implicit and explicit betrayed self-concept in young adults abused as children. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 26, 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1308982
Free pre-print available at PsyArXiv.
Hallgren, K., Delker, B. C., & Simpson, T. L. (2017). Effects of initiating abstinence from alcohol on daily craving and negative affect: Results from a pharmacotherapy clinical trial. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 42, 634-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13591
Fisher, P. A., Beauchamp, K. G., Roos, L. R., Noll, L. K., Flannery, J., & Delker, B. C. (2016). The neurobiology of intervention and prevention in early adversity. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855
Bernstein, R. E., Delker, B. C., Freyd, J. J., & Knight, J. (2015). The Brief Hypervigilance Scale: Development and validation in a college sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 448-455. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000070
Fisher, P. A., Leve, L. D., Delker, B. C., Roos, L., & Cooper, B. (2015). A developmental psychopathology perspective on foster care research. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed.), pp. 513-544. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy312
Delker, B. C., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). From betrayal to the bottle: Investigating possible pathways from trauma to problematic substance use. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 576-584. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21959
Delker, B. C., Kim, H. K., & Fisher, P. A. (2014). First time’s a charm: Maternal problem drinking around the birth of a child in primiparous and multiparous women at risk for child maltreatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75, 973-981. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.973
Delker, B. C., Noll, L. K, Kim, H. K., & Fisher, P. A (2014). Maternal abuse history and self-regulation difficulties in preadolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 2033-2043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.014
THRIVE Graduate Student Theses
Fogel, C. (2023). Moral Injury in Survivors of Domestic Violence (1168). [Master’s thesis, Western Washington University]. WWU Graduate School Collection. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/1168
Patterson, A. (2023). How Etiology and Diagnostic Label are Stigmatized: The Impacts of Childhood Trauma and “Sluggish Cognitive Tempo” on Recovery Optimism and Blame (1206). [Master’s thesis, Western Washington University]. WWU Graduate School Collection. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/1206
Michel, P. (2022). No, I Don’t Think it was Rape: The Relationship between Rape Acknowledgment Status and Perceptions of Sexual Violence (1092). [Master’s thesis, Western Washington University]. WWU Graduate School Collection. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/1092
Presentations
*denotes student under Dr. Delker’s research supervision
Patterson*, A. L., Fogel*, C., Huber*, T., Mize*, G., & Delker, B. C. (2023). Stigma and Treatment of Interpersonal Trauma Survivors. Symposium presented at the 2023 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Riverside, CA.
Fogel*, C. (2023). Moral Injury in Survivors of Domestic Violence: Conceptualizing the Existential and Identity-Based Effects of Coercive Control as Moral Injury. Paper presented at the 2023 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Riverside, CA.
Huber*, T., & Mize*, G. (2023). “Can’t a man say, ‘You look good. Gee, you’re attractive’?”: A Systematic Analysis of #MeToo Responses. Paper presented at the 2023 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Riverside, CA.
Patterson*, A. L. (2023). How Etiology and Diagnostic Label are Stigmatized: The Impacts of Childhood Trauma and ‘Sluggish Cognitive Tempo.’ Paper presented at the 2023 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Riverside, CA.
Fogel*, C., Patterson*, A., Means*, K., Schwam*, A., Brown*, A., Czopp, A., McLean, K. C., & Delker, B. C. (2022). Himpathy in Sexual Assault: A Vignette-Based Study on Perceptions of High-Status Perpetrators. Poster presented at the 2022 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Portland, OR.
Patterson*, A., Fogel*, C., Means*, K., Schwam*, A., Brown*, A., Czopp, A., McLean, K. C., & Delker, B. C. (2022). From His Mouth: A Vignette-Based Study on Perceptions of a Sexual Assault Survivor. Poster presented at the 2022 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Portland, OR.
Turner*, K. T., Michel*, P. K., Delker, B. C., & McLean, K. C. (2022). Redemption in Stories and for Storytellers: Comparing Public Perceptions of Interpersonal Violence versus Less-Stigmatizing Trauma. Poster presented at the 2022 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Portland, OR.
Ledesma*†, A., Michel*, P. K., & Delker, B. C. (2022). Do You Feel Supported? Rape Acknowledgement Status and Help-Seeking among College Women. Poster presented at the 2022 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Portland, OR.
†Recipient of a WWU Psychology Student Travel Award
Michel*†, P. K., & Delker, B. C. (2022). Was It Rape? The Relationship between Rape Acknowledgement Status and Perceptions of Sexual Violence. Poster presented at the 2022 Western Psychological Association (WPA) Conference, Portland, OR.
†Recipient of a WWU Psychology Student Travel Award
Michel*, P. K., Turner*, K., Ledesma*, A. R., Delker, B. C., & McLean, K. C. (2022). Who Had it Worse? Comparing Perceptions of Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Violence Stories. Poster presented at the 2022 SPSP Annual Convention Gender Pre-Conference.
Delker, B. C., Adams-Clark, A., & Barnes, M. (2020). From Institutional Betrayal to Institutional Courage: Applications to Campus Sexual Assault Prevention. Session presented virtually at the 25th International San Diego Summit on Violence, Abuse, and Trauma across the Lifespan.
Salton,* R., & Delker, B. C. (2020). Motivations for pursuing trauma advocacy work: A qualitative study. Poster to be presented at the 2020 Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Conference, Denver, CO. [Canceled due to COVID-19]
Salton,*, R., & Delker, B. C. (2020). The impact of cultural stigma on perceptions of interpersonal violence disclosure. Poster to be presented at the the 37th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, San Francisco, CA. [Canceled due to COVID-19]
Delker, B. C., & Ibaraki, A. Y. (2020). Self-Care Beyond the Buzzword: How to Build Meaningful Self-Care Practices into Courses on Trauma and Other Sensitive Topics. Participant Idea Exchange Presentation presented at the 2020 National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology (NITOP), St. Pete Beach, FL.
Howard*, R. L., Gómez, J. M., Delker, B. C., & Ahrens, C. E. (2020). The unique effect of betrayal on posttraumatic outcomes. Poster to be presented at the 2020 SPSP Annual Convention in New Orleans, LA.
Salton*, R., Boggs*, S., Delker, B. C., & McLean, K. C. (2019). The preference for redemption in trauma narratives. Poster presented at the 2019 SPSP Annual Convention in Portland, OR.
Delker, B. C., & Bernstein, R. E. (2018). History of family betrayal, not trauma of any type, predicts hypervigilance symptoms in young adulthood. Poster presented at the Western Psychological Association Annual Convention in Portland, OR.
Hallgren, K., Delker, B. C., & Simpson, T. L. (2018). Initiating abstinence during AUD treatment is associated with changes in craving and negative affect. Poster presented at the 2018 Annual Collaborative Perspectives on Addiction Conference in Tampa, FL.
Howard*, R. L., Delker, B. C., & Hodges, S. D. (2017). Reducing stigmatizing attitudes toward veterans with PTSD: The impact of empathic engagement with fictional literature. Poster presented at the 2017 SPSP Annual Convention, San Antonio, TX.
Howard*, R. L., Delker, B. C., & Hodges, S. D. (2016). Reducing stigmatizing attitudes toward veterans with PTSD: The impact of empathic engagement with fictional literature. Poster presented at the 16th Annual Stanford Undergraduate Psychology Conference, Stanford, CA.
Howard*, R. L., Delker, B. C., & Hodges, S. D. (2016). Reducing stigmatizing attitudes toward veterans with PTSD: The impact of empathic engagement with fictional literature. Poster presented at the 25th Annual UCLA Psychology Undergraduate Research Conference, Los Angeles, CA.
Kim, H. K., Delker, B. C., Pears, K. C., Bruce, J., & Fisher, P. A. (2015, March). Longitudinal development of indiscriminate friendliness in maltreated children. Poster presented at the 2015 biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.
Van Scoyoc, A., Nila*, V., Crook, H., Delker, B. C., & Fisher, P. A. (2015, February). Women’s engagement in health promoting behaviors while pregnant and addicted. Poster session presented at the 6th Annual Graduate Student Research Forum, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
Delker, B. C., & Freyd, J. J. (2014b, October). Measuring betrayal awareness with the Betrayed Self Implicit Association Test. Paper presented at the 31st annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Long Beach, CA.
PsychFest Presentations by WWU Students
*denotes student under Dr. Delker’s research supervision
Campbell*, M., Patterson*, A., & Delker, B. C. (2023). LGBQ+ Student Perceptions of a Childhood Trauma Survivor with a Dissociative Condition. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Mayor*, A., Ochoa-Garcia*, C., & Delker, B. C. (2023). The Road to Redemption: Do College Men Think that a Sexual Assault Perpetrator Can Redeem Himself? Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Huber*, T., Mize*, G., Ledesma*, A., Fogel*, C., Michel*, P., Patterson*, A., & Delker, B. C. (2022). Excusing Those who Commit Sexual Violence: The Effect of System Justification on Perceptions of Responsibility. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Ledesma*, A., Mize*, G., Huber*, T., Fogel*, C., Michel*, P., Patterson*, A., & Delker, B. C. (2022). Who Believes Her? Perpetrator Degree of Atonement Effects Sexual Assault Survivor Believability. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Mize*, G., Ledesma*, A., Huber*, T., Patterson*, A., Fogel*, C., Michel*, P., & Delker, B. C. (2022). People Get What They Deserve: The Association between Economic System Justification and Empathy for Perpetrators and Victims of Sexual Assault. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Michel*, P., Brown*, A., Ledesma*, A., He*, J., & Delker, B. C. (2021). Perceptions of Female vs. Male Intoxication in an Ambiguous Sexual Assault Scenario. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Michel*, P., Ledesma*, A., Brown*, A., He*, J., & Delker, B. C. (2021). Types of Sexual Assault of College Women on WWU’s Campus. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Aychman*, M. M., Fogel*, C., Michel*, P., & Delker, B. C. (2021). #MeToo Apologies: Initial Impressions. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Yaghmaee*, S., Tran*, K., & Delker, B. C. (2021). Iranian-American Perception of Racism in the United States. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Salton*, R. (2020, June). Motivations for Pursuing Trauma Advocacy: A Qualitative Study. Paper presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Young*, E., Salton*, R., & Estes*, H. (2020, June). Public Perceptions of #MeToo Gay Male Sexual Assault Disclosure: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Facebook Comments†. Paper presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
†Winners of the 2019-2020 Western Libraries Undergraduate Research Award.
Allen*, J. L., Tschida*, Z. M., & Delker, B. C. (2019). Research with transgender survivors of trauma: A tale not told. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Horrocks*, Z. R., & Shaikh*, A. (2019, June). “Want to come back to my place?” Sexually coercive behaviors among college students. Paper presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Horrocks*, Z. R. ,Schlomer*, W., Ciao, A. C., Sowell, S., & Delker, B. C. (2019, June). When an elephant enters the room: Do professors address current trauma-based events in the university classroom? Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Lemon*, F., & Delker, B. C. (2019, June). A survey of student knowledge and perceptions of reporting sexual misconduct at Western Washington University. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Lynn*, A. S., & Delker, B. C. (2019, June). Is it me or the dog? Service dogs as a conduit for psychiatric discrimination. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Lynn*, A. S., & Delker, B. C. (2019, June). Is it me or the dog? The stigmatization of PTSD and gender. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Watts*, S., Horrocks*, Z. R., Erickson*, C. E., & Delker, B. C. (2019, June). Which family members perpetrate “family betrayal”? A pilot study. Poster session presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
Woods*, S. M., & Delker, B. C. (2018). Betrayal trauma history and technology facilitated coercive control: A preliminary analysis. Poster presented at Western Washington University’s PsychFest Conference in Bellingham, WA.
